
Here are two beavers that met their maker last fall at Thor.
The beaver animal is a very wild animal and rarely domesticated on farms. This species is the largest
rodent in the USA and Canada. It is the symbol of Canada and for two US states: Oregon and New York. These creatures reach the weight of 60-70 pounds, but the average weight is 35-40 pounds. The body length of these creatures is 41-46 inches.
Castor Fiber (European Beaver); Castor Canadensis (American Beaver)
The beaver is an exciting animal to watch because it is a compact self-sufficient busy little
creature. Although a member of the rodent family, it is capable of many engineering feats which man acknowledges as being ingenious and a remarkable example of instinct. The beaver has a thick coat of brown wool and fur, the underneath being soft and cuddly while the fur on top is long, oily fur that throws off water, so keeping the beaver waterproof. The two front paws are similar to human hands and have five toes, while the hind feet have five toes but are webbed to help in swimming. The beaver has a wide, flat, scaly, tail, which it uses as a rudder when swimming, and long, sharp, orange-coloured incisor teeth with which it is capable of gnawing down trees. When the beaver swims under water it can close its mouth, nose, and ears to keep the water out and remain submerged for several minutes. Its lips can be closed behind its incisor teeth to enable it to gnaw under water and build up itshome. On land the beaver is capable of walking on its hind legs and carrying logs, mud or stones in its front paws. The beaver also has an excellent sense of hearing and smell. It is a very capable creature.
As a wild creature, the beaver works mostly at night. It cuts down logs in spring and early
summer, letting the logs lie until the autumn when it builds or repairs its home. The beaver lives in a lodge - a mound of sticks, moss and stones with a domed roof plastered with mud. A lodge looks like a giant hedgehog with wooden prickles. The beaver lodge can be found on the bank of a stream, at the end of a dam or on a pile of logs, which are placed at the bottom of the river.
A lodge has a dry upper chamber with a vertical air vent where the beaver lives and a store where supplies of food are kept, weighed down in the water with mud. The lodge has two entrances, both of which are under water. One entrance is narrow and steep and used as
the main entrance to the lodge, the other entrance, being wider and less steep, is used to
transport food into the lodge from the store. Because both entrances to the lodge need to be
submerged, the beaver will first construct a dam to raise the water level in the pond where his
home is to be built. The dam can be of any length, sometimes even 100 metres long. The
beaver gnaws down trees for its dam and drags or carries the logs to the water's edge. At times it builds channels to float the logs to the pond. In constructing the dam, the beaver weaves the logs together and then, using its front paws and flat tail, packs mud into the cracks to ensure that the dam becomes watertight. The dam is constructed to ensure that, although the water might freeze on the top of the pond, it never freezes at the depth of the entrances to the lodge. The beaver can therefore survive a harsh winter in his lodge, while the ice and snow lie thick on the surface of the land and water.
A beaver does not live alone in a lodge. At times a lodge might contain twelve beavers or more, all working and living together. Beavers are cheerful creatures and enjoy each other's company. To greet another beaver, a beaver will slap its tail on the water as a sign of welcome, although under different circumstances this signal indicates danger. The beaver is a naturally clean creature. It cleans its lodge and itself regularly. The beaver combs and cleans its fur using its claws and teeth and helps other beavers clean themselves too.
A beaver will find a mate at about two years of age and these two will stay together for life, which can be about twenty years. A beaver will have one litter of babies per year, usually during the summer months, one to eight babies per litter. Baby beavers are called kits. The kits born in the lodge have fur coats and open eyes when born. At four days the kits can swim, and within two months the kits are weaned from the mother's milk and have strong enough teeth to eat bark, roots, leaves, and berries like their parents. A beaver will remain with its parents for two years and then leaves its home to find a mate and build its own lodge and dam.
Beavers have to be very careful to avoid enemies. While the beaver is working outside the lodge it is prey to many animals. Its distinctive smell, from a pouch in its upper tail, which contains castor - a musky smelling substance - leaves scent marks as it works. If in danger while above the ground, the beaver can dig plunge-holes in the ground to hide in. Fortunately the kits do not have the distinctive castor for enemies to smell. The teeth of the beaver also provide formidable weapons if necessary. When a beaver senses danger, it slaps its tail on the water or ground to warn the others to return to the safety of their lodge. Their home is the beaver's best fortress, especially if it is frozen up with ice. The animals that hunt beavers include the fox, the wolf, the bear, the lynx, and the wolverine. These animals are not water creatures and so the beaver is safe in his lodge providing the pond does not freeze up and give these animals access to the lodge. owever, another enemy of the beaver is the
otter, which is capable of swimming into the
lodge and attacking the beavers. Fortunately, the lodge has two entrances and the beavers can
swim out of the opposite entrance and escape. A further enemy of the beaver used to be man.
Man hunted the beaver for its fur and teeth and the beaver almost became extinct. The fur was
used to make hats and coats and the teeth to make sharp chisels or knives. The castor was
also collected and made into perfumes. Today the beaver is a protected species and its numbers
are increasing.